Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
• Marijuana
• Hashish
• Hash
oil
Cannabis
1-32
Cannabis
The
category Cannabis includes the various products of the Cannabis Sativa plant,
including:
•
Marijuana
•
Hashish
•
Hash oil
•
Synthetic THC (Marinol or Dronabinol)
•
Synthetic cannabinoid products (Spice, K2, JWH-18, etc.)
Cannabis
products generally are smoked, although they also can be ingested orally.
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Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
• Marked
reddening of the Conjunctiva
(white part of the eyeball)
• Body
tremors
• Odor
of marijuana
• Disoriented
• Relaxed
inhibitions
• Difficulty
in dividing attention
Indicators of Cannabis Influence
1-33
General
Indicators of Cannabis Influence:
•
Marked reddening of the Conjunctiva (white part of the eyeball)
•
Body tremors
•
Odor of marijuana
•
Disoriented
•
Relaxed inhibitions
•
Difficulty in dividing attention
Eye
indicators of Cannabis Influence:
•
Neither horizontal nor vertical nystagmus will be present
•
Pupil size generally will be dilated, but also may not be effected
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Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
• “Poly“
derives from the Greek word for
"many"
• In
the Los Angeles Field Study (1985), 81
of the 173 suspects (47%) in the Los
Angeles Field Study had alcohol in
combination with one or more other
drugs
Combinations of Drugs
1-34
D. Combinations of Drugs
Many
drug users routinely ingest drugs from two or more drug categories at the same
time.
•
The term for this condition is "polydrug use".
In
the Los Angeles Field Study (1985), 72% of the suspects had two or more drugs
in
them.
In
that study, alcohol was often found in combination with one or more other
drugs.
But
even if we discount alcohol, nearly half (45%) of the Field Study suspects had
two
or
more other drugs in them.
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Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
• Alcohol
and some other drug
• PCP
and Cannabis
• Cocaine
and Heroin
Common Combinations of Drugs
1-35
Common Combinations of Drugs
•
Alcohol and some other drug is the most frequent combination
•
PCP and Cannabis is another common combination
•
Cocaine and Heroin is another common combination
Because
polydrug use is so common, you should not be surprised to encounter subjects
who
are under the influence of more than one category of drugs.
•
At some times and places polydrug users may be more common than single drug
users.
•
Be especially alert to the possibility that subjects who have been drinking
alcohol may
also
have ingested some other drug or drugs.
The
effects of polydrug use may vary widely, depending on exactly what combination
of
drugs
is involved, how ingested and when they were ingested.
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Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
• Null
• Overlapping
• Additive
• Antagonistic
Possible Effects
of Drug Combinations
1-36
Any
particular combination of drugs may produce four general kinds of effects:
•
Null: Neither drug has an effect on the indicator.
•
Overlapping: Each drug may effect the subject in some different way. In
combination,
both
effects may appear.
•
Additive: The two drugs may independently produce some similar effects. In
combination,
these effects may be enhanced.
•
Antagonistic: The two drugs may produce some effects that are exactly opposite.
In
combination,
these effects may mask each other.
•
Example of Antagonistic Effect: A CNS Stimulant usually causes pupil dilation.
A
narcotic
usually causes pupil constriction. It is possible that someone who is
simultaneously
under the influence of a stimulant and narcotic may have pupils that
are
nearly normal in size. It is also possible that the pupils will change as the
effects
of
one drug diminishes while the other increases.
Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
Dealing With Suspected Drug
Influence or Medical Impairment
1-37
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Session Overview – Introduction to Drugged Driving
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
Questions?
1-38
Although
this course is not designed to qualify you as a DRE, it is intended to make you
more
knowledgeable when encountering drivers impaired by substances other than
alcohol.
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Source: DWI Detection and
Standardized Field
Sobriety Testing
March 2013 Edition
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178 R5/13 1 of 24
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